A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.

For example

·      I walked, they walk, and she walks are finite verbs
* (to) walk is an infinitive.

·      I lived in French.
* "I" is the subject. "Lived" describes what the subject did. "Lived" is a finite verb.

"Finite verbs can be recognized by their form and their position in the sentence. Here are some of the things to look for when you are trying to identify the finite verbs in a sentence:

    1.          Most finite verbs can take an -ed or a -d at the end of the word to indicate time in the past:cough, coughed; celebrate, celebrated. A hundred or so finite verbs do not have these endings.

    2.          Nearly all finite verbs take an -s at the end of the word to indicate the present when the subject of the verb is third-person singular: cough, he coughs; celebrate, she celebrates. The exceptions are auxiliary verbs like can and must. Remember that nouns can also end in -s. Thus the dog racescan refer to a spectator sport or to a fast-moving third-person singular dog.

    3.           Finite verbs are often groups of words that include such auxiliary verbs as can, must, have, and be: can be suffering, must eat, will have gone.

sking for information

kita mungkin sering bertanya pada orang, tapi masih belum bisa sepenuhnya memakainyanya saat berbicara dengan bahasa inggris.liat deh disini, 

just look here,


Asking for information
There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

• Could you tell me...?
• Do you know...?
• Do you happen to know...?
• I'd like to know...
• Could you find out...?
• I'm interested in...
• I'm looking for..
This contruction asking for information
Construction
Formula Question Word Example Finish
Could you tell me when the next train leaves?
Do you know how much that vase costs?
Do you happen to know where Tom lives?
I'd like to know what you think about the new project.
Could you tell me when the next train leaves?
Could you find out when she is going to arrive?



Formula Gerund (-ing) Example Finish
I'm interested in buying a boat


Formula
Noun Example Finish
I'm looking for
information on holidays in Spain.



Formula used only on the telphone Question Word Example Finish
I'm calling to find out... if flight AZ098 will leave on time today.





Formula used only on the telphone Noun Example Finish
I'm calling about... the offer published in today's newspaper.



That this usage and examples of her dialogue asked, slightly different from the above construction.

1.question
[intransitive and transitive] to speak or write to someone in order to get an answer, information, or a solution:
'What's your name?' she asked.
Don't ask him - he won't know.
That kid's always asking awkward questions.
ask who/what/where etc
I asked him where he lived.
ask somebody something
We'll have to ask someone the way to the station.
ask somebody if/whether
Go and ask Tom whether he's coming tonight.
ask (somebody) about something
Visitors usually ask about the history of the castle.
ask around (=ask in a lot of places or ask a lot of people)
I'll ask around, see if I can find you a place to stay.

2.for help/advice etc
[intransitive and transitive] to make a request for help, advice, information etc:
If you need anything, you only have to ask.
ask somebody to do something
Ask John to mail those letters tomorrow.
ask to do something
Karen asked to see the doctor.
ask for
Some people find it difficult to ask for help.
ask somebody for something
He repeatedly asked Bailey for the report.
ask (somebody) if/whether you can do something
Ask your mom if you can come with us.
ask that
Was it too much to ask that he be allowed some privacy?

3.price
[transitive] to want a particular amount of money for something you are selling:
How much is he asking?
ask $50/$1,000 etc for something
He's asking £2,000 for his car.
They're asking a fortune for that house.
4.invite
[transitive usually + adverb/preposition] to invite someone to your home, to go out with you etc
ask somebody to do something
Let's ask them to have dinner with us some time.
ask somebody out (=ask someone, especially someone of the opposite sex, to go to a film, a restaurant etc with you)
Jerry's too scared to ask her out.
ask somebody in (=invite someone into your house, office etc)
Don't leave them standing on the doorstep - ask them in!
ask somebody over/round (=invite someone to come to your home)
We must ask our new neighbours over for a drink.
5.demand
[transitive] if you ask something of someone, you want them to do it for you:
It would be better if he cooperated, but perhaps I'm asking too much.
ask something of somebody
You have no right to ask anything of me.
Expecting the children to do an hour's homework after school is asking a lot of them.
6.be asking for trouble
to do something that is very likely to have a bad effect or result:
Saying that to a feminist is just asking for trouble.
7.ask yourself something
to think carefully and honestly about something:
You have to ask yourself where your responsibilities really lie.
8 spoken if you ask me
used to emphasize your own opinion:
He's just plain crazy, if you ask me.
9 spoken don't ask me
used to say you do not know the answer to something:
'Where's she gone then?' 'Don't ask me!'
10 spoken don't ask
used to say that something is too embarrassing or strange to explain:
'What was that woman selling?' 'Don't ask.'
11 spoken be asking for it
used to say that someone deserves something bad that happens to them:
It's his own fault he got hit - he was asking for it.
12 be somebody's for the asking
informal if something is yours for the asking, you can have it if you want it:
The job was hers for the asking.

Modals in the past form

1. Could + Verb base
• To offer suggestions or possibilities
Example:
Jason : Oh, no! I left my shorts.
Nate : Don’t worry, Jason. You could borrow my shorts.

Mitchie : I’m having trouble with English.
Demi : Why don’t you ask Tess? Perhaps she could help you.
• To indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example:
Mitchie : Ras, can you climb the coconut tree?
Shane : Well… I could climb coconut tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.

Selena : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.
• To express polite requests
Example:
* Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
* Could you lend me your jacket now?
* Could you please close the door?
* Could you pass the salt?


2. Would + Verb base
• For an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example:
* When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
* On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.
• Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences
Example:
Troy : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Ryan : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Gabriella : Which country would you rather visit?
Sharpay : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.
• To express polite requests
Example:
Nick : Would you mind cycling with me, Selena?
Selena : No, not at all. It would be nice.

Joey : Would you please pass the helmet, Mary?
Mary : No problem.


3. Should + Verb base
• To give definite advice (advisability)
Example:
Mom : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Mitchie : Joe : You should paint your door, Kevin. It looks terrible.
Kevin : Yes, I know I should.
• To express the subject’s obligation or duty:
Example:
* You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
* They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
* Application should be sent before March 25th.
4. Might + Verb base
• To tell possibilities
Example:
Nick : Where is Joe?
Kevin : He might be in the studio with Stella.
• To express polite requests
Example:
Demi : Might I borrow your coat?
Miley : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Hannah for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.

Narrative Text
INRODUCTORY IT
A : To understand this lesson is easy
B : It is easy to understand this lesson.
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the cubject position in the sentence. thus, it is called introductory “it”.

Introductory “it” as a subject:
A : To watch musical programs is pleasent.
B : It is pleasent to Watch musical program
Introductory it with seem, appear and look
Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase with a gerund ini t or a clause.
- It looked doubtfl whether she would come.
- It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, cons, etc…
- I considered it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
Introductory it in question
- When was is that the maneger came?
- It was at 10 am that the maneger came.

Someone tells a narrative text in order to entertain, stimulate emotion or to teach.
A narrative text has three elements or parts :
1. The orientation introduces main characters in a setting of place and time. It tells about : the story’s setting , the time when the story happens, and the main characters of the story.
2. The complications tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them. Series of events ( It includes situations, activities, or events that lead to the climax or complication. )
3. The Resolution tells the ending of the story (The complication or problem is solved here. It shows the end of the story, usually a happy ending ).
A narrative text uses the simple past tense.


EXAMPLE :

THE PRINCE AND PRINCESS

There once was a prince who wanted to marry a princess, but it had to be a real princess. So he went all over the world looking for a real princess. Everywhere he met young ladies who told him they were real princesses, but he could never be completely sure that this was true. There was always something about them that did not seem quite right. And so, after along time, the prince went back home to his parents and was very sad.
One evening there was a terrible storm. It rained heavily and there was thunder and lightning in the sky above the royal castle. Then there was a knock at the castle gate. The old king went out to see who it could be.
A princess was standing outside the gate. The rain ran down over her hair and clothes and into her shoes. She told the king that she was a real princess, and he asked her to come inside.
“Well, said the old queen. We’ll soon find out if that is true. She went into the guest bedroom and took the mattress and blanket off the bed. Then she put a little green pea on the bed. She put twenty mattress on top of the pea, and then twenty blankets on top of the mattress. This was where the princess was going to spend the night.
The next morning the queen asked the princess how she had slept.
“Oh, it was terrible!” answered the princess. “I didn’t close my eyes all night. I don’t know what was in my bed, but I lay on something hard, and now I am black and blue all over. It was quite a terrible night”
Now, the king, the queen and the prince could be sure that this was a real princess! She had felt the little pea through twenty mattresses and twenty blankets. Only a real princess will be able to do that!
So the prince married the princess, and the pea was put in a museum for everyone to see. And, unless someone has taken it, it is still there today.

A noun phrase is a pharse that functions as a noun. Every noun phrase has a head noun.

A noun phrase is a either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

The structure of this noun phrase contain three sections:

1. Pre-modifier

2. Head noun

3. Post-modifier

How can we develop nouns into noun phrase?

·         By adding a determiner

·         By adding adjectives

·         By adding a present paticiple

·         By adding a past participle

·         By adding a noun

·         By adding a preposition

·         By adding an infinitive

·         By adding a WH Clause

Example noun phrase:

* Adjective + noun

Ex: A very good book.

* Noun + noun

Ex: Michael Jackson was a Pop legend.

*Noun + adverbial phrases

Ex: Mary is a girl from my counsin's hometown.

A. Direct Speech
Direct speech referd to reproducing another person’s exact words o saying exactly what someone had said (sometimes called quated speech)
Here what a person says appers within quatation marks (‘’...’’) and should be word for word.

B. Indirect Speech
Indirect speech resroducing the idea of anather person’s word doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word foe word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

TENSE CHANGE
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because whwn we use reported speech, we are usually talking about atime in the past (because pbviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have ro be in the past too.
• Note : reporting verbs that are usually used ti report imperative sentence are : tell, other command, ask, warn, remind.

Present Simple
Past tense
Direct : Iis said ‘’ I eat fried chicken’’.
Indirect : Iis said that she ate fried chicken.

Past Simple
Past Perfect
Direct : Mother said ‘’ I want to market yesterday’’
Indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future Simple
Past Future
Direct : Dheppy said ‘’ I will buy a notebook next week’’.
Indirect : Dheppy said (that) she would buy a notebokk the week after.

Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Direct : Sinta said ‘’ I’m playing badminton ‘’
Indirect : Sinta said she was plating badminton.

Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Direct : She said ‘’ I was teaching earlier’’
Indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier.

            Definition of Offering :

1. The act of making an offer.

2. Something, such as stock, that is offered.

3. A presentation made to a deity as an act of religious worship or sacrifice; an oblation.

4. A contribution or gift, especially one made at a religious service.

Offering may refer to:

* Offering, a collection of donations during religious worship, see alms, tithe or charity
* Offering, a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life
* Offering (Buddhism), a part of devotional practice
* Securities offering, a discrete round of investment, usually regulated in the United States by the Securities Act of 1933



Offering to older people:
• Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
• Should I get you a bottle of water?
• Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Lina?
• Would you care for some salad ?
Offering to friends:
• Want some?
• Have some.
• Chocolate?
• Glass of lemonade?
• Grab some for yourself.
• Would you like to have a pancake?
• Why don’t you have some lemonade?
• What can I get for you?
• What will you have?

Accepting an offer:
• Thank you
• Yes, please
• I’d like it very much
• Thank you, I would
• That would be very nice

Declining an offer:
• No, thanks.
• No, I really won’t. Thank you.
• Not for me, thanks.
• No, thanks. I’m not hungry.

* Ways to say it

* * Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Rifky?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Egar?
* Would you care some salad?
* Less formal expressions:

* * Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

1. Formal expressions:
- I wonder if you remember.....
- You remember...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
- Don’t you remember.....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?
• Ways to respond:
- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery.
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.
- I can remember it clearly.

2. Informal expressions:
- Remember the old house we used to live in?
- Remember that?
- I’m sorry I don’t remember
• Ways to respond:
- Hold on. Yes, got it!
- I know.....
- It’s coming back to me now.
• Respond if you forget:
- Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
- I’m afraid I forget.
- I really can’t remember.
- I’m afraid I have no memory of him
- Emmm, let me think. No, it’s gone.
- Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example :
It was Sunday morning, Tia got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.
Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Tia : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Tia : Oh, my goodness. I thought it’s a school day !

            

Ex: Mary is a girl from my counsin's hometown.

Definition and purpose of Descriptive Text 

Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. The purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below :
Identification : identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description : describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or characteristics.

We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: •
• Describe a special place and explain why it is special.
• Describe the most important person in your live.
• Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

The description text has dominant language features as follows:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.




Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. The purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below :
Identification : identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description : describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or characteristics.

We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: •
• Describe a special place and explain why it is special.
• Describe the most important person in your live.
• Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

The description text has dominant language features as follows:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

Example
Description text of Prambanan Temple

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Central Java in Indonesia, located approximately 18 km east of Yogyakarta.
The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the largest Hindu temples in south-east Asia. It is characterised by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu temple architecture, and by the 47m high central building inside a large complex of individual temples.
It was built around 850 CE by either Rakai Pikatan, king of the second Mataram dynasty, or Balitung Maha Sambu, during the Sanjaya Dynasty. Not long after its construction, the temple was abandoned and began to deteriorate. Reconstruction of the compound began in 1918. The main building was completed in around 1953. Much of the original stonework has been stolen and reused at remote construction sites. A temple will only be rebuilt if at least 75% of the original stones are available, and therefore only the foundation walls of most of the smaller shrines are now visible and with no plans for their reconstruction.
The temple was damaged during the earthquake in Java in 2006. Early photos suggest that although the complex appears to be structurally intact, damage is significant. Large pieces of debris, including carvings, were scattered over the ground. The temple has been closed to the public until damage can be fully assessed. The head of Yogyakarta Archaeological Conservation Agency stated that: “it will take months to identify the precise damage”. However, some weeks later in 2006 the site re-opened for visitors. The immediate surroundings of the Hindu temples remain off-limits for safety reasons.

In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Only transitive verbs are used in the passive. Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.

Pattern: be + past participle
Example:
 The boy are listening to a story.§
The story was being told by grandfather.
 Snow white eats a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple is eaten by snow white
 Snow white is eating a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple is being eaten by snow white
 Snow white has eaten a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple has been eaten by snow white
 Snow white ate a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple was eaten by snow white
 Snow white was eating a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple was being eaten by snow white
 Snow white had eaten a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple had been eaten by snow white
 Snow white will eat a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple will be eaten by snow white
 Snow white is going to eat a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple is going to be eaten by snow white
 Snow white will have eaten a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple will have been eaten by snow white

Vocabulary around the house is the introduction of objects around the house like in the bedroom, shower room, living room, kitchen and garden .

purpose vocabulary around the house:

- Introduce the objects around the house
- To understand the objects around your house
- Know the contents of the room around your house

1. Know The Contents of Your Home

• Ceiling(s)
• Window(s)
• Floor(s)
• Door(s)
• Wall(s0

A. Living Room

·        People watch TV in the living room.

·        People sit and read in the living room.

·        People listen to music in the living room

Objects in living room are:

Sofa, TV, cabinet, table, TV cabinet, carpet, speaker, radio.

B. Bathroom

Activities that we do in bathroom:

·        People brush their teeth in the bathroom.

·        People get dressed or undressed in the bathroom.

·        People have a shave in the bathroom.

·        People have a bath in the bathroom.

Objects in the bathroom are:

Toilet, toothbrush, towel, toilet brush, razor, hair dryer, bath, washbowl, shaving foam, body wash, toilet roll, soap, shampo.

C. Bedroom

Activities that we do in the bedroom

·        People listen to the music in the bedroom.

·        People sleep and take a rest in the bedroom.

·        People get dressed or undressed in the bedroom.

Objects in the bedroom are:

pillow, bed, clothes, wardrobe, chest of drawer, brush, dressing table, bedside cabinet.

D. Kitchen

·        People prepare food in the kitchen.

·        People cook in the kitchen.

·        People sometimes eat in the kitchen.

·        People put the food away in the kitchen cupboards.

Objects in the kitchen are:

fridge, tap, bin, spoon, coffee maker, knife, whisk, frying pan, teapot.

Invitation is a way to ask someone to go to an event or aplace or to do something.

a. Characteristic of Invitation

* use future tense

*usually in card invitation

- purpose

- time

- place

b. Types of Invitation

·        Invitation Formal

Formal invitation is the official invitation usually written reply came from such institutions and companies etc.

Formal: Meeting,anniversary,wedding,graduation invitations

·        Invitation Informal

Informal invitation is not official invitation written/oranl and this invitation is usually given to friends,family and others

Informal: Birthdat party,reunion,garden party,hallowen party.

Expression of solicitation generally expressed as:

- Let's + be + Adj

ex: Let's be diligent!

     Let's be clever!

-Let's + Vbase + noun

ex: Let's climb the tree!

      Let's play piano!

c. How to Invite Someone

·        I would like to...?

·        We would be pleased if you could...

·        Would you like to...?

·        Shall we...?

·        How about...?

d. How to Accept,Refuse/Decline An Invitation

- Accept

* Thank you. Yes, I would like to....

* yes, I would. Thanks

* That would be very nice. Thank you.

* all right!

* Ok!

- refuse/decline

* I would love to, but...

* That's nice/great. unfortunately/however...

* That's very kind of you, but...

* Sorry, that wouldn't be possible. Thank's anyway.