Ex: Mary is a girl from my counsin's hometown.

Definition and purpose of Descriptive Text 

Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. The purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below :
Identification : identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description : describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or characteristics.

We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: •
• Describe a special place and explain why it is special.
• Describe the most important person in your live.
• Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

The description text has dominant language features as follows:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.




Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. The purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below :
Identification : identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description : describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or characteristics.

We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: •
• Describe a special place and explain why it is special.
• Describe the most important person in your live.
• Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

The description text has dominant language features as follows:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

Example
Description text of Prambanan Temple

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Central Java in Indonesia, located approximately 18 km east of Yogyakarta.
The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the largest Hindu temples in south-east Asia. It is characterised by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu temple architecture, and by the 47m high central building inside a large complex of individual temples.
It was built around 850 CE by either Rakai Pikatan, king of the second Mataram dynasty, or Balitung Maha Sambu, during the Sanjaya Dynasty. Not long after its construction, the temple was abandoned and began to deteriorate. Reconstruction of the compound began in 1918. The main building was completed in around 1953. Much of the original stonework has been stolen and reused at remote construction sites. A temple will only be rebuilt if at least 75% of the original stones are available, and therefore only the foundation walls of most of the smaller shrines are now visible and with no plans for their reconstruction.
The temple was damaged during the earthquake in Java in 2006. Early photos suggest that although the complex appears to be structurally intact, damage is significant. Large pieces of debris, including carvings, were scattered over the ground. The temple has been closed to the public until damage can be fully assessed. The head of Yogyakarta Archaeological Conservation Agency stated that: “it will take months to identify the precise damage”. However, some weeks later in 2006 the site re-opened for visitors. The immediate surroundings of the Hindu temples remain off-limits for safety reasons.

In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Only transitive verbs are used in the passive. Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.

Pattern: be + past participle
Example:
 The boy are listening to a story.§
The story was being told by grandfather.
 Snow white eats a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple is eaten by snow white
 Snow white is eating a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple is being eaten by snow white
 Snow white has eaten a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple has been eaten by snow white
 Snow white ate a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple was eaten by snow white
 Snow white was eating a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple was being eaten by snow white
 Snow white had eaten a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple had been eaten by snow white
 Snow white will eat a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple will be eaten by snow white
 Snow white is going to eat a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple is going to be eaten by snow white
 Snow white will have eaten a poisonous apple§
A poisonous apple will have been eaten by snow white

Vocabulary around the house is the introduction of objects around the house like in the bedroom, shower room, living room, kitchen and garden .

purpose vocabulary around the house:

- Introduce the objects around the house
- To understand the objects around your house
- Know the contents of the room around your house

1. Know The Contents of Your Home

• Ceiling(s)
• Window(s)
• Floor(s)
• Door(s)
• Wall(s0

A. Living Room

·        People watch TV in the living room.

·        People sit and read in the living room.

·        People listen to music in the living room

Objects in living room are:

Sofa, TV, cabinet, table, TV cabinet, carpet, speaker, radio.

B. Bathroom

Activities that we do in bathroom:

·        People brush their teeth in the bathroom.

·        People get dressed or undressed in the bathroom.

·        People have a shave in the bathroom.

·        People have a bath in the bathroom.

Objects in the bathroom are:

Toilet, toothbrush, towel, toilet brush, razor, hair dryer, bath, washbowl, shaving foam, body wash, toilet roll, soap, shampo.

C. Bedroom

Activities that we do in the bedroom

·        People listen to the music in the bedroom.

·        People sleep and take a rest in the bedroom.

·        People get dressed or undressed in the bedroom.

Objects in the bedroom are:

pillow, bed, clothes, wardrobe, chest of drawer, brush, dressing table, bedside cabinet.

D. Kitchen

·        People prepare food in the kitchen.

·        People cook in the kitchen.

·        People sometimes eat in the kitchen.

·        People put the food away in the kitchen cupboards.

Objects in the kitchen are:

fridge, tap, bin, spoon, coffee maker, knife, whisk, frying pan, teapot.

Invitation is a way to ask someone to go to an event or aplace or to do something.

a. Characteristic of Invitation

* use future tense

*usually in card invitation

- purpose

- time

- place

b. Types of Invitation

·        Invitation Formal

Formal invitation is the official invitation usually written reply came from such institutions and companies etc.

Formal: Meeting,anniversary,wedding,graduation invitations

·        Invitation Informal

Informal invitation is not official invitation written/oranl and this invitation is usually given to friends,family and others

Informal: Birthdat party,reunion,garden party,hallowen party.

Expression of solicitation generally expressed as:

- Let's + be + Adj

ex: Let's be diligent!

     Let's be clever!

-Let's + Vbase + noun

ex: Let's climb the tree!

      Let's play piano!

c. How to Invite Someone

·        I would like to...?

·        We would be pleased if you could...

·        Would you like to...?

·        Shall we...?

·        How about...?

d. How to Accept,Refuse/Decline An Invitation

- Accept

* Thank you. Yes, I would like to....

* yes, I would. Thanks

* That would be very nice. Thank you.

* all right!

* Ok!

- refuse/decline

* I would love to, but...

* That's nice/great. unfortunately/however...

* That's very kind of you, but...

* Sorry, that wouldn't be possible. Thank's anyway.

  

The words be going to and will are used to talk about smething in the future.

Formula of simple Future tense:

(+) S + will/shall + verb1

(-) S + will/shall + not + verb1

(?) Will/shall + S + verb1 + ?

Here are the use ot 'will' and 'be going to'

1. We can use  will or be going to make a prediction.

Examples:

* The many books are too heavy for the old shelf. You should move the books,otherwise the shelf will/is going to crack.

* The sky is very dark. it will/is going to rain soon.

2. The words be going to is used  to talk about something which the speaker has planned before speaking. The word will is used to talk about something which the speaker decodes at the moment of speaking.

Examples:

* We're going to have a house warming party.

* I'am going to see the dentist.

* I think we will get on well.

* I will not tell her about your secret.

3.  We use will to express willingness.

* i will massage you if you want.

* i will open it.

Dialogue of  future tense

Ani: "Do you have something to do after school?"

Beni: "Yes. I am going to Lala's house to do our assignment."

Ani; "Are you? may i join?

Beni: "Sure. i will pick you up."

Ani: "Thanks."

News item is to inform the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Is structure is:

• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form

• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.

• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.

Significant Grammar Features:

Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline

Generally using Simple Past Tense

Use of Material Processes to retell the event

Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.

Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell

Focus on Circumstances

Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.

The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.

It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used

The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.

To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.

Headlines are not always complete sentences.

1. Surprises

Surprises is a feeling caused by something happening, suddenly or unexpertedly.

Here are some expression of surprise.

Expressing surprise:

* wow! what a surprise!

* that's a surprise!

* that's very surprising!

* really?

* what?

* are you serious/ you must be joking!

* you're kidding!

* fancy that!

* i must say it surprises me.

Responding:

* yeah!

* it is.

* yup!

* i'm serious.

* it's true.

* positively!

Dialogue of expressing surprises.

Hani: "Ann, did you watch television yesterday?"

Anne:  "i dont think so. I'm so busy. What Happened?

Hani: "Justin Bieber is be going to Jakarta. He will be held the big concert"

Anne: "that's very surprising!"

2. Disbelief

Disbelief is an expression to refuse, or be unable to believe something or somebody.

Here are some senteces to express disbelief.

Expressing Disbelief:

* i don't believe it.

* i can't believe it.

* it's really unbelievable.

*  it's impossible!

* how could it be?